Sources

Paul W. Cooper

Explosives Engineering

Wiley-VCH. Charge, case, explosives practice, and the Gurney framework as taught in open engineering courses. The Payload Setup and Gurney tabs follow this treatment.

Morris R. Driels

Weaponeering: An Introduction

AIAA. Conventional-weapon effectiveness, the weaponeering process, and the language of a weaponeering solution. Engagement and Effects use that vocabulary: aim, standoff, delivery error, and a presented target.

Morris R. Driels

Advanced Weaponeering

AIAA. Deeper effectiveness, delivery error, and target-vulnerability methods used in the engagement and Target Pd tabs.

R. M. Lloyd

Conventional Warhead Systems Physics and Engineering Design

AIAA Progress in Astronautics and Aeronautics. Finite-length cylinder Gurney with the D/2L end-loss term that is the workbench default launch speed (the infinite-cylinder form is kept as the literature comparison).

Theodor Krauthammer

Modern Protective Structures

CRC Press. Open 155 mm M107 initial fragment velocity (~1030 m/s) used as one of two independent checks on the infinite-cylinder Gurney result for that literature example.

R. W. Gurney

The Initial Velocities of Fragments from Bombs, Shells and Grenades

BRL Report 405 (1943). Cylinder, closed sphere, open-face, and sandwich Gurney velocity. Every payload solve starts here. Sphere and egg (hemi-cap) cases use the closed-sphere form on the spherical metal.

G. I. Taylor

Analysis of the Explosion of a Long Cylindrical Bomb Detonated at One End

1941; reprinted in The Scientific Papers of Sir G. I. Taylor, Vol. III. The Gurney–Taylor tilt of the case-normal spray (sin δ = V/2U). Wall fragments leave on a hollow cone, polar ≈ 90° − θ_T from the local outward normal, which is what ZDATA bins and the Effects Taylor band both use.

N. F. Mott / Mott–Linfoot (AMCP / Cooper)

Fragmentation statistics

Natural fragment mass distributions when the case is not scored or packed. Number law N(>m) = N0 exp(−√(m/μ)); characteristic mass from the AMCP / Cooper scale M_A = B t^{5/6} d_i^{1/3}(1+t/d_i), μ = M_A², with B the mild-steel explosive constant (TNT 0.0779, Comp B 0.0554). Designed pack and scored modes replace this with the scheme on Payload Setup. The M107 Benchmarks rows are this model against the Åkesson arena, not metal divided by a pasted count.

Huang; Felix 5.3

Axial Gurney rarefaction along a finite charge

V(x) along the fill: ends rarefy, mid-body is closer to the infinite-cylinder speed. ZDATA zone VM and fly-out launch speed versus station inherit this profile. On an ogive the same idea is applied as sliced local C/M (Charron / station method).

Yves J. Charron

Estimation of Velocity Distribution of Fragmenting Warheads Using a Modified Gurney Method

AFIT / DTIC ADA074759 (1979). Station / slice C/M along an ogive meridian, used with Huang rarefaction so an artillery-shell example is not treated as a uniform cylinder.

G. F. Kinney and K. J. Graham

Explosive Shocks in Air

Scaled distance Z = R / W^(1/3), incident overpressure, reflected overpressure, and scaled specific impulse i_s. Physical impulse is i = i_s · W^(1/3). Blast, Soft Effects, Structural P–i, local blast, and Target Pd all read this fit. Surface burst uses the Kinney 1.8 W hemispherical factor.

Nurick and others

Impulsive structural response of plates and shells

Published P–i rupture hyperbolas (Structural tab for the whole shell; Local Blast tab for the bay / face-sheet / joint path, which can fail while the shell still sits below the hyperbola).

Open medical / ATF–DHS style blast-injury tables; Bowen-type lung screens

Personnel and glass overpressure thresholds

Soft Effects: glass ~0.9 psi, eardrum ~5 psi, lung ~35 psi, lethality higher still. Impulse is a secondary Bowen-style lung screen, not a medical standard. These are incident overpressures, not reflected, and they are not mixed into RED 10% PI.

C. N. Kingery and G. Bulmash; M. M. Swisdak; Jeon, Kim and Han

Kingery–Bulmash airblast (ARBRL-TR-02555) and Swisdak 1994 simplified polynomials

Independent check on Kinney–Graham. Free-air incident overpressure uses the Jeon et al. (Computation 2017) fit to Kingery–Bulmash; surface burst uses Swisdak’s hemispherical polynomials. Benchmarks and the Blast tab overlay these at the same physical range (Swisdak Z is R/W⅓ on the actual TNT mass; Kinney surface burst uses 1.8 W). Not CONWEP and not a UFC table lookup.

Ballistic Research Laboratory

Project THOR residual-velocity equations

Fragment residual velocity and residual mass through named plates (aluminium alloy, mild and hard steel) as a function of strike speed, presented area, thickness, and obliquity. Physics → THOR and the Effects fragment path.

M. J. Forrestal, B. S. Altman, J. D. Cargile, and S. J. Hanchak

An empirical equation for penetration depth of ogive-nose projectiles into concrete targets

International Journal of Impact Engineering (1994), with Frew S(f′c). Concrete ogive penetration on the Projectile tab.

M. J. Forrestal and T. L. Warren

Penetration equations for ogive-nose rods into aluminum targets

Spherical cavity-expansion resistance (2008). Metal targets on the Projectile tab.

M. J. Forrestal and V. K. Luk

Penetration into soil targets

Soil ogive penetration (B ≈ 1.2). Rigid while nose stress stays below projectile yield; above V_erode the rod erodes toward the hydrodynamic limit.

A. Tate

A theory for the deceleration of long rods after impact

Eroding-rod / hydrodynamic limit used once an ogive is past the rigid Forrestal regime.

G. Birkhoff, D. P. MacDougall, E. M. Pugh, and G. Taylor

Explosives with Lined Cavities

Journal of Applied Physics 19 (1948). Ideal shaped-charge jet. The workbench multiplies jet depth by a published unimodal standoff-efficiency curve in calibers (Z/D), with contact residual and a cutoff once the jet is treated as fully particulated.

Open liner / slug literature (density-ratio form)

Explosively formed penetrator slug depth

EFP depth P = (L/D) · D · √(ρ_liner / ρ_target) · cos(AoA). A first-order slug estimate, not a hydrocode. The EFP / SC tab.

Quadratic drag with a Mach-dependent Cd; ISA sea-level sound speed

Fragment fly-out ODE

Fragments leave at the Gurney–Taylor launch, then fly under quadratic drag, a transonic Cd bump, and gravity until they hit the ground. Static ZDATA does not include that flight; the Fly-out tab does. Strike velocity for THOR uses the same ODE stopped at engagement R.

Åkesson

Fragment hit probability

P_hit ≈ 1 − exp(−ρ A) on hazardous-fragment density. Used to turn the fly-out impact set into 0.1% and 10% PI ranges. 10% PI is fragment-only; blast-injury radii are notes, not mixed into that number.

FM 3-09.32 / MCRP 3-16.6A / NTTP 3-09.2 / AFTTP(I) 3-2.6

December 2007 edition

Defines the RED, MSD, danger-close and CDE concepts the workbench implements. Distances are computed from the active payload's fly-out and blast, not looked up as table values. They are engineering estimates for comparison. Range clearance remains the certifying authority's responsibility.

Open DoD / DDESB practice

Hazardous-fragment kinetic energy and IBD-style density

A fragment is treated as hazardous at KE ≥ 79 J (≈ 58 ft·lbf). Fly-out also carries an IBD-style density ring (1/55.7 m⁻²) and a 15 J caution band. These are not a quantity-distance determination and are not a substitute for an approved explosives-safety reference.

JTCG/ME · ARL-TN-541

ZDATA format

Public technical note describing polar fragment zones (0° nose, 180° base), mass groups, speed in ft/s, mass in grains, and shape factor K. The TDP 06-zdata.zdt file is this payload's expected-value deck from the Gurney–Taylor model, not arena film. A JMEM cell can import it as a starting input; it is not a certified JMEM product.

BRL-CAD (U.S. Army Ballistic Research Laboratory; now open source)

Constructive solid geometry and nirt-style shotlines

The Target tabs use a BRL-CAD-shaped representation (rpp, rcc, sph and GIFT-style regions) and can export MGED Tcl ASCII for asc2g. Geometry and a shotline language only — not an AJEM remaining-capability run and not a certified Pk. BRL-CAD's libraries are LGPL-2.1 and its other components carry BSD-style licences; weaponeer.io implements the same geometric representation and file format rather than redistributing BRL-CAD.

U.S. Army TM 43-0001-28 and similar open catalogues

155 mm M107 envelope

Published outer geometry and charge mass used to fit the M107 literature example. Not a reproduction of restricted firing tables.

Åkesson / Dullum arena recovery

155 mm M107 fragment count and recovered casing mass

36.4 kg of casing recovered as 2538 fragments (mean 14.34 g). The M107 example compares Mott–Linfoot N₀ and mean mass 2μ on the AMCP scale, with wall t fitted on the ogive so published casing metal is conserved, to that arena. It is not metal divided by a pasted count.

U.S. Army Research Laboratory FragProp benchmarks

155 mm M107 fragment impact velocity

Peak fragment impact velocity of 3380 ft/s at 8 ft from an M107 detonation — the same 1030 m/s number as Krauthammer, from an independent model and test series.

Zecevic et al.

120 mm HE mortar envelope

Projectile mass 12.6 kg and TNT fill 2.25 kg used to fit the 120 mm mortar literature example. Body length 613 mm is the published M62P3 length with fuze.

Elshenawy, Aboel Seoud and Abdo · Defence Science Journal

120 mm mortar static firing

Static firing of a 120 mm mortar body against a layered witness stack, matched with Split-X and Autodyn-3D. Supplies the 6.2 g largest-kinetic-energy fragment, its 1100 m/s launch velocity, and the published velocity–distance history the fly-out drag law is checked against.

Swedish MSB / Fortifikationsverket trial report

Mk 82 500-lb envelope

Diameter 10.75 in, Tritonal fill 192 lb, 500 lb all-up, and bomb-body length 66.15 in used to fit the Mk 82 literature example, as stated in the witness-plate trial report. Not a reproduction of a fuze or tail kit.

Swedish MSB / Fortifikationsverket

Mk 82 witness-plate trial

Four Mk 82 bombs fired into a half circle of 1200 × 1200 mm steel witness plates at 7 m. The 25 mm plates took 210 hits and 118 perforations; the 51 mm plates took 183 hits and 3. Used to bracket the THOR perforation limit and the fragment spray sector.

FM 23-30 (27 Dec 1988) via GlobalSecurity; Nammo M67 product sheet

M67 grenade envelope

FM 23-30 (27 Dec 1988) via GlobalSecurity: 2.5 in steel sphere, 6.5 oz Composition B, 14 oz all-up, M213 fuze. Effective casualty-producing radius 15 m; killing radius 5 m; fragments can disperse as far as 230 m. Nammo lists 63.5 mm diameter and 89.6 mm length including the fuze; the workbench body length is the sphere, not the fuze stack. Catalogue class example, not a fielded-system reproduction.

U.S. Army ERDC · Hand grenade residuals (hdl.handle.net/11681/6921)

M67 mass balance

184.3 g Composition B and 7.5 oz (212.6 g) metals/other on a 396.9 g all-up M67. The metals/other figure is lumped as casing M for spherical Gurney. Open literature describes an inner-scored / preformed coil of about 1000 fragments; the example uses 1000 equal-mass steel spheres rather than Mott natural breakup. No open arena V0 is published, so that row is the closed-sphere Gurney identity rather than a firing.

U.S. Department of Commerce, International Trade Administration

Consolidated Screening List API

Restricted-party screening at intake queries the ITA consolidated feed (OFAC, BIS, DDTC and related lists). A hit is recorded and blocks approval until a person writes an adjudication. It is not a physics source.